Media-Mediated Political Literacy: Assessing Information Ecosystem Dynamics and Civic Empowerment in Indonesia's 2024 Electoral Context
Keywords:
Political, Literacy, Mass Media, Electoral Education, Democracy, Digital
Abstract
This study critically examines the complex relationship between mass media consumption and political literacy in Indonesia as the nation approached its 2024 general election. Employing a qualitative research methodology analysing high-quality secondary data from multiple sources, the study investigates how various media platforms influence citizens' political knowledge, critical thinking skills, and electoral participation readiness. Research findings reveal significant disparities in political literacy across demographic groups, with digital divides reinforcing information asymmetries between urban and rural populations. Social media emerged as a dominant information source for 68% of voters, yet 73% of respondents demonstrated limited ability to identify misinformation. Traditional media retained significant influence among older voters (65+ demographic), while digital platforms dominated youth engagement. The study identified five prevailing patterns of media-influenced political literacy: platform-dependent knowledge variation, algorithmic reinforcement of political polarization, diminished substantive policy discourse, widespread circulation of electoral misinformation, and variable media literacy skills across demographic segments. These dynamics created a fragmented information ecosystem where political literacy was undermined by information overload, partisan media consumption, and digital platform manipulation. The research contributes to media effects theory by proposing a contextually sensitive integrated framework of political literacy development specific to emerging democracies navigating digital transformation. The study recommends coordinated multi-stakeholder approaches to political literacy enhancement, emphasizing critical media consumption skills, platform accountability, and civic education initiatives tailored to Indonesia's unique socio-political context.
References
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Mietzner, M. (2025). Flirting with autocracy in Indonesia: Jokowi's majoritarianism and its democratic legacy. Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs, 18681034251318053.
Mietzner, M., & Muhtadi, B. (2018). Explaining the 2016 Islamist mobilisation in Indonesia: Religious intolerance, militant groups and the politics of accommodation. Asian Studies Review, 42(3), 479–497.
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Swart, J., Peters, C., & Broersma, M. (2019). Sharing and discussing news in private social media groups. Digital Journalism, 7, 187–205. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2018.1465351
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Tapsell, R. (2021). Social media and elections in Southeast Asia: The emergence of subversive, underground campaigning. Asian Studies Review, 45(1), 117–134.
Tapsell, R., & Jurriens, E. (2017). The political economy of digital media. In Digital Indonesia (pp. 56–72). ISEAS–Yusof Ishak Institute.
Tarsidi, D. Z., Suryadi, K., Budimansyah, D., & Rahmat, R. (2023). Social media usage and civic engagement among Indonesian digital natives: An analysis. Jurnal Civics: Media Kajian Kewarganegaraan, 20(2), 257–269.
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Yilmaz, I., Triwibowo, W., Bachtiar, H., & Barton, G. (2024). Competing populisms, digital technologies and the 2024 elections in Indonesia. European Center for Populism Studies (ECPS).
Aspinall, E., Fossati, D., Muhtadi, B., White, S., & Warburton, E. (2023). Choosing between descriptive and substantive representation: Policy issues, patronage, and support for women candidates in Indonesia.
Azali, K. (2017). Indonesia’s divided digital economy.
Badan Pusat Statistik. (2023). Statistik telekomunikasi Indonesia 2023. BPS-Statistics Indonesia.
Bappenas. (2024). Indeks Demokrasi Indonesia 2023. https://www.bps.go.id/
Bennett, W. L., & Pfetsch, B. (2018). Rethinking political communication in a time of disrupted public spheres. Journal of Communication, 68(2), 243–253.
Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2021). Thematic analysis: A practical guide.
Bucher, T. (2020). Nothing to disconnect from? Being singular plural in an age of machine learning. Media, Culture & Society, 42(4), 610–617.
Cahyono, F., Putri, K., & Faizah, H. N. (2019). Indonesian case of political identity, post-truth, and computational propaganda. International Journal of Religious and Cultural Studies, 1(2), 49–57.
Chapkovski, P. (2022). Information avoidance in a polarized society. Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics.
Creswell, J. W., & Poth, C. N. (2016). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches (4th ed.). SAGE Publications.
De Sousa, R. R. P., & Cuadrado, J. (2023). Neopatrimonialism in Africa: A review of concepts, practices and implications. Africa Review, 15(3), 316–337.
Echchaibi, N., & Hoover, S. M. (Eds.). (2023). The third spaces of digital religion. Taylor & Francis.
Edelman, M. (1995). From art to politics: How artistic creations shape political conceptions. University of Chicago Press.
Esser, F., & Strömbäck, J. (2014). Mediatization of politics: Understanding the transformation of Western democracies. In F. Esser & J. Strömbäck (Eds.), Mediatization of politics (pp. 3–28). Palgrave Macmillan.
Fanani, B. C. (2024). Textual analysis of news coverage related to the 2024 Indonesian presidential election on international media [Thesis, Universitas Islam Negeri Maulana Malik Ibrahim].
Fernando, H., Larasati, Y. G., Wuysang, J. M., Cahyani, N., Rahmah, P., & Hakim, N. (2024). The controversy of democracy in Indonesia presidential election 2024. Jurnal Etika Demokrasi, 9(3), 287–301.
Freedman, D. (2022). Reverse media policy: Challenging empires, resisting power. In M. Sandoval & C. Fuchs (Eds.), Communicative justice in the pluriverse (pp. 94–108). Routledge.
General Elections Commission. (2023). Laporan pendidikan pemilih Pemilu 2024. KPU Indonesia.
Groshek, J., & Koc-Michalska, K. (2023). Social media, participation, and public opinion in transitional democracies. Information, Communication & Society, 26(4), 519–537.
Hadiwasito, W. (2024). Democratic consolidation: An Indonesian unity perspective. Jurnal Lemhannas RI, 12(1), 101–108.
Hanif, A., Abd Rashid, A., & Roselan, M. H. (2025). Digital development among top 5 ASEAN countries: Is there convergence or divergence? Open Research Europe, 5(2), 2.
Herman, E. S., Chomsky, N., Krüger, U., Pötzsch, H., & Zollmann, F. (2023). Die Konsensfabrik: Die politische Ökonomie der Massenmedien. Westend Verlag GmbH.
Hoaks meningkat pada Pemilu 2024, awas berulang di Pilkada. (2024, August 30). https://mafindo.or.id/2024/08/30/siaran-pers-hoaks-meningkat-pada-pemilu-2024-awas-berulang-di-pilkada/
Hoover, D. R. (2022). Exploring religious diversity and covenantal pluralism in Asia.
Indonesian Digital Literacy Network. (2023). Efektivitas program literasi digital dalam konteks Pemilu 2024. ICT Watch.
Indonesian Election Monitoring Network. (2023). Persepsi integritas pemilu di kalangan pemilih Indonesia. JPPR.
Indonesian Internet Research Center. (2023). Penyebaran dan koreksi dezinformasi di media sosial Indonesia. APJII Research Institute.
Indonesian Internet Research Institute. (2023). Kemampuan literasi digital dan politik warga Indonesia 2023. APJII Research Center.
Indonesian Internet Survey. (2023). Survei penetrasi dan profil perilaku pengguna internet Indonesia 2023. APJII.
Indonesian Voter Education Foundation. (2023). Efektivitas pendidikan pemilih lintas kelompok demografis. Perludem.
Indonesia National Survey Project. (2023). Political knowledge disparities in Indonesia. SMRC.
Izzati, F. A. (2025). Persepsi pemilih pemula terhadap netralitas media massa televisi menjelang Pemilu 2024. Jurnal Kalacakra: Ilmu Sosial dan Pendidikan, 6(1), 13–18.
Jacobsen, B. (2019). Bucher, T. (2018). If… then: Algorithmic power and politics. Oxford University Press.
Katadata Insight Center. (2023). Platform-specific political engagement behaviors in Indonesia. Katadata Research.
Khoirunnisa, A., Udiana, A. D., & Zahra, N. Z. (2025). The role of mass media in shaping public opinion after the 2024 election. Cakra Communico: Journal of Communication Science, 2(1), 1–10.
Kominfo. (2023). Laporan isu hoaks Pemilu 2024. Ministry of Communication and Information Technology.
Kurniawan, R. (2025). Patronage networks and power disparities: The legacy of political patronage in Indonesia's governance and democracy. Jurnal Politik Profetik, 13(1), 1–32.
Lewandowsky, S., & Cook, J. (2021). The debunking handbook 2021. George Mason University.
Lim, M. (2024). Social media and politics in Southeast Asia. Cambridge University Press.
Lembaga Survei Indonesia. (2023). Media literacy index: Indonesia report 2023. LSI & Jaringan Survei Nasional.
Masduki. (2021). Media control in the digital politics of Indonesia. Media and Communication, 9(4), 4–13.
Media penyiaran yang menyejukkan jelang Pemilu 2024. https://kpi.go.id/id/umum/38-dalam-negeri/37224-media-penyiaran-yang-menyejukkan-jelang-pemilu-2024
Mietzner, M. (2023). The coalitions presidents make: Presidential power and its limits in democratic Indonesia. Cornell University Press.
Mietzner, M. (2025). The limits of autocratisation in Indonesia: Power dispersal and elite competition in a compromised democracy. Third World Quarterly, 46(2), 153–169.
Mietzner, M. (2025). Flirting with autocracy in Indonesia: Jokowi's majoritarianism and its democratic legacy. Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs, 18681034251318053.
Mietzner, M., & Muhtadi, B. (2018). Explaining the 2016 Islamist mobilisation in Indonesia: Religious intolerance, militant groups and the politics of accommodation. Asian Studies Review, 42(3), 479–497.
Mihailidis, P., & Thevenin, B. (2013). Media literacy as a core competency for engaged citizenship in participatory democracy. American Behavioral Scientist, 57(11), 1611–1622.
Mujani, S., & Liddle, R. W. (2021). Indonesia: Jokowi sidelines democracy. Journal of Democracy, 32(4), 72–86.
Munajat, M. E., & Irawati, I. (2025). Digital sociocracy: Navigating governance challenges in Southeast Asia. Policy & Governance Review, 9(1), 93–105.
Mukti, I. (2024). Social construction of mass media on voter preferences in the 2024 general election. CORE: Journal of Communication Research, 37–45.
Muldani, T., Swarnawati, A., Muksin, N. N., & Harmonis, H. (2023). Publisitas politik Aceng Aziz Muslim menuju pemilihan umum 2024 di Facebook. Jurnal Lensa Mutiara Komunikasi, 7(2), 47–56.
Nie, N. H., Junn, J., & Stehlik-Barry, K. (1996). Education and democratic citizenship in America.
Nielsen Indonesia. (2023). Indonesia media consumption report 2023. Nielsen Media Research.
Paramitha, D., & Fahadayna, A. (2024). Media massa dan demokrasi di Indonesia: Studi tentang afiliasi politik media massa dalam Pemilu 2019–2024. Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan Pancasila dan Kewarganegaraan, 9(3), 257–266. http://dx.doi.org/10.17977/um019v9i3p%p
Pariser, E. (2011). The filter bubble: How the new personalized web is changing what we read and how we think. Penguin.
Power, T., & Warburton, E. (Eds.). (2020). Democracy in Indonesia: From stagnation to regression? ISEAS–Yusof Ishak Institute.
Pratama, G. R., & Setianto, W. A. (2024). Deepfake dalam Pilpres Indonesia tahun 2024 (Analisis visual framing deepfake Partai Golkar dan Partai Gerindra dalam kampanye Pilpres Indonesia tahun 2024) [Thesis, Universitas Gadjah Mada].
Rahman, A. (2019). Deepfake bisa mengancam Pemilu 2024. https://m.cyberthreat.id/read/3306/Deepfake-Bisa-Mengancam-Pemilu-2024
Rapeli, L. (2013). The conception of citizen knowledge in democratic theory. Springer.
Remotivi Media Studies. (2023). Kepemilikan media dan implikasinya terhadap konten politik di Indonesia. Remotivi.
Riyanti, D., & Prasetyo, D. (2023). Political education of new voters through civic education in Indonesia. Jurnal Harmoni Nusa Bangsa, 1(1), 20–27.
Robinson, L., Schulz, J., Dunn, H. S., Casilli, A. A., Tubaro, P., Carvath, R., ... & Khilnani, A. (2020). Digital inequalities 3.0: Emergent inequalities in the information age. First Monday, 25(7).
Septian, E., & Wulandari, S. (2024). Smart political movement: Building political literacy with Z generation participation in the 2024 elections. Masyarakat Indonesia, 50(1), 147–161.
Setiawan, A., Usni, U., Patrianti, T., Muhtadin, I., Meidiana, D., & Hapsoro, B. (2023, October). Literasi politik untuk wartawan di media sudutpandang.id. In Prosiding Seminar Nasional Pengabdian Masyarakat LPPM UMJ (Vol. 1, No. 1).
Sinpeng, A. (2019). Digital media, political authoritarianism, and Internet controls in Southeast Asia. Media, Culture & Society, 42(1), 25–39. https://doi.org/10.1177/0163443719884052
Social Media Research Consortium. (2023). Platform intervention effects on political misinformation. SMRC Indonesia.
Soderborg, S., & Muhtadi, B. (2023). Resentment and polarization in Indonesia. Journal of East Asian Studies, 23(3), 439–467.
Strömbäck, J., & Esser, F. (2014). Mediatization of politics: Transforming democracies and reshaping politics. In K. Lundby (Ed.), Mediatization of Communication (pp. 375–403). De Gruyter Mouton.
Swart, J., Peters, C., & Broersma, M. (2019). Sharing and discussing news in private social media groups. Digital Journalism, 7, 187–205. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2018.1465351
Tapsell, R. (2017). Media power in Indonesia: Oligarchs, citizens and the digital revolution. Rowman & Littlefield.
Tapsell, R. (2021). Social media and elections in Southeast Asia: The emergence of subversive, underground campaigning. Asian Studies Review, 45(1), 117–134.
Tapsell, R., & Jurriens, E. (2017). The political economy of digital media. In Digital Indonesia (pp. 56–72). ISEAS–Yusof Ishak Institute.
Tarsidi, D. Z., Suryadi, K., Budimansyah, D., & Rahmat, R. (2023). Social media usage and civic engagement among Indonesian digital natives: An analysis. Jurnal Civics: Media Kajian Kewarganegaraan, 20(2), 257–269.
Vera Hermawan. (2025). Political communication in the digital era: The role of social media in shaping public opinion in the 2024 election. Jurnal Ilmiah Multidisiplin Indonesia (JIM-ID), 4(05), 160–169. https://ejournal.seaninstitute.or.id/index.php/esaprom/article/view/6602
Wardle, C., & Derakhshan, H. (2021). Information disorder: Toward an interdisciplinary framework for research and policymaking [Internet]. 2017, Report No.: DGI (2017) 09.
Wardhani, B., & Dugis, V. (2023). Indonesian foreign policy under the Jokowi administration: Variations on traditional ideas. Issues & Studies, 59(03), 2350005.
Warburton, E. (2019). Polarization and democratic decline in Indonesia. In T. Carothers & A. O’Donohue (Eds.), Democracies Divided (pp. 201–227). Brookings Institution Press.
We Are Social & Hootsuite. (2023). Digital 2023: Indonesia. We Are Social.
Widodo, S., & Kristiyono, J. (2025). Digital democracy: Transforming political communication in Indonesia. Jurnal Studi Komunikasi, 9(1), 153–168.
Yilmaz, I., Triwibowo, W., Bachtiar, H., & Barton, G. (2024). Competing populisms, digital technologies and the 2024 elections in Indonesia. European Center for Populism Studies (ECPS).
Published
2025-07-04
How to Cite
Asep Setiawan, Endang Sulastri, Usni, Miftahul Ulum, Dinar Meidiana, & Muhammad Isa Asyrofuddin. (2025). Media-Mediated Political Literacy: Assessing Information Ecosystem Dynamics and Civic Empowerment in Indonesia’s 2024 Electoral Context. Journal Scientific of Mandalika (JSM) E-ISSN 2745-5955 | P-ISSN 2809-0543, 6(9), 3745-3762. https://doi.org/10.36312/10.36312/vol6iss9pp3745-3762
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Copyright (c) 2025 Asep Setiawan, Endang Sulastri, Usni, Miftahul Ulum, Dinar Meidiana, Muhammad Isa Asyrofuddin
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